Abusive head trauma (AHT), a medical diagnosis of infants and young children who suffer from inflicted intracranial and associated spinal injuries, is often misrepresented in legal proceedings of child abuse, according to a consensus statement supported by nine pediatric and radiology international organizations published in Pediatric Radiology. The statement outlines the consensus of evidence-based medical opinion on AHT to confirm the validity of the diagnosis and serve as a tool for the legal system.

“When pivotal medical testimony on child abuse is contradictory, the message to the courts, the news media, and the general public about infant injuries and safe caregiving can be confusing and inaccurate,” said Arabinda Choudhary, MD, chair of pediatric radiology at Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children in Wilmington, DE. “Denialism of child abuse has become a significant medical, legal, and public health problem. This article will help re-establish the science of abusive head trauma and will undoubtedly help children and their advocates worldwide.”

The paper’s authors utilized their collective and extensive clinical experience and an empirical review of the medical literature to develop the consensus statement. AHT is the leading cause of fatal head injuries in children younger than two years old and is responsible for 53% of serious or fatal traumatic brain injury cases. 

The statement was supported by the Society for Pediatric Radiology (SPR), European Society of Paediatric Radiology (ESPR), American Society of Pediatric Neuroradiology (ASPNR), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), European Society of Neuroradiology (ESNR), American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC), Swedish Paediatric Society, Norwegian Pediatric Association and Japanese Pediatric Society. 

No single injury defines AHT. Instead, pediatricians and pediatric subspecialists diagnose based on information collected through clinical history, physical examination, and laboratory and imaging data. In many children’s hospitals, interdisciplinary specialists, including physicians, nurses, hospital social workers, and others, work together to evaluate cases.

The consensus statement is intended to help the court system recognize unsubstantiated medical expert testimony in child abuse judicial cases. 

Key points include:

• Abusive head trauma is the current most appropriate and inclusive diagnostic term. 

• Few infants with AHT have isolated intracranial injury without retinal hemorrhages, fractures, or other manifestations of child abuse. 

• Each infant suspected of suffering AHT must be further evaluated for other diseases that might present with similar findings. 

• There is no reliable medical evidence that other medical causes could cause injuries, mimicking abuse injuries. 

• There is no controversy about the methodology used to diagnose AHT as a medical disease, unrelated to the legal determination by a judge or jury.

“Abusive head trauma is a medical diagnosis, not a legal determination. Therefore, even if medical evidence supports a finding of child abuse, nonmedical evidence is required to answer the legal questions,” said Choudhary.